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S. IIIa 41:z4,z23:-

At a Glance
Antigenic Formula 41:z4,z23:-
Serogroup O:41 (S)
NCBI Pathogen Detection View isolates

Background Information

Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae serovar 41:z4,z23:- (antigenic formula 41:z4,z23:-) is a serovar of the O:41 (S) serogroup. Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae is associated with reptiles. Interestingly, all Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae serovars are monophasic, retaining only a phase 1 H antigen. Although several papers describe Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae, they do not provide sufficient information at the serovar level. For instance, Mahajan et al. reported a fatal case of Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae gastroenteritis in an infant with microcephaly; however, they only mentioned the isolation of S. enterica subsp. arizonae without specifying the serovar. As a result, we cannot include this information in our Wiki. In the US, among non-subsp. enterica serovars, both serovar IIIa 18:z4,z23:- and IIIa 41:z4,z23:-are most frequently linked to human illness, with each serovar contributing to 10–20 cases annually. A study focus on Occurrence and Distribution of Serotypes of the Arizona Subgroup of Salmonella Strains in the United States from 1967 to 1976 and among 12 IIIa 41:z4,z23:- isolates, 6 are intestinal while the rest 6 are extraintestinal. A study focusing on the occurrence and distribution of serotypes within the arizonae subgroup of Salmonella strains in the United States from 1967 to 1976 reported that, among 12 IIIa 41:z4,z23:- isolates they found, 6 were intestinal and the remaining 6 were extraintestinal.

Genetic Characteristics

Serovar IIIa 41:z4,z23:- has been found to be polyphyletic with four lineages identified and one stand-alone singleton that does not cluster with any other Salmonella IIIa 41:z4,z23:- isolates. Similarly, another study also found that serovar IIIa 41:z4,z23:- is highly polyphyletic, with five lineages identified across clades B and C. Additionally, one of these lineages is paraphyletic, with a single lineage of serovar IIIa 44:z4,z23:- nested within it. Among the 15 genomes of serovar IIIa 41:z4,z23:-, seven distinct prophages were identified.

Animal Reservoir

Unknown; however, based on host information from the NCBI PD metadata, serovar IIIa 41:z4,z23:- has primarily been isolated from dogs and wild animals, such as snakes and birds (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos). Additionally, two isolates were collected from chicken (n=1) and turkey (n=1), respectively. In a study of Salmonella obtained from reptiles in Canada, serovar IIIa 41:z4,z23:- was the second most commonly isolated serovar (n = 2 out of 46 Salmonella positive samples)8.

Geographical Distribution

Serovar IIIa 41:z4,z23:- has been reported in the US, Canada, and Europe including Germany, Ireland, and the UK.

Human/Animal Outbreaks

Not clear, at least no recent human outbreaks linked to this serovar have been reported.

Border Rejections

There have been no recent border rejections linked to this serovar.

Recalls

There have been no recent recalls linked to this serovar.

References

  1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944501317304159
  2. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.pasteur.fr/sites/default/files/veng_0.pdf
  3. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC309002/#r5
  4. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/152398/cdc_152398_DS1.pdf
  5. https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/jcm.23.6.1056-1064.1986
  6. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1547190/full
  7. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8208698/#R19
  8. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3110.241803