S. Gaminara¶

At a Glance


Antigenic Formula	`16:d:1,7`
Serogroup	O:16 (I)
NCBI Pathogen Detection	View isolates

Background Information¶

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gaminara (antigenic formula 16:d:1,7) is a serovar of the O:16 (I) serogroup. This serovar can cause osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in infants.

Genetic Characteristics¶

Serovar Gaminara has been found to be paraphyletic. A non-Gaminara serovar, S. Welikade, clusters within serovar Gaminara. In the case of an infant infected with serovar Gaminara following exposure to a bearded dragon, the isolate was found to be susceptible to ampicillin, cefotaxime, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Treatment was initiated with parenteral ceftriaxone.

Animal Reservoir¶

Serovar Gaminara was found in chicken and bearded dragons.

Geographical Distribution¶

Serovar Gaminara has been mainly found in the US and European countries such as the UK.

Human/Animal Outbreaks¶

Year	Location	Associated source	Number of cases
2017	US: multistate	Maradol papayas	220¹
1995	US: FL	Unpasteurized orange juice	62²

¹ A total of 220 people infected with the outbreak strains of Salmonella Thompson (144), Salmonella Kiambu (54), Salmonella Agona (12), Salmonella Gaminara (7), and Salmonella Senftenberg (3) were reported from 23 states.

² Salmonella Hartford and Gaminara were both associated with the outbreak.

Border Rejections¶

Multiple border rejections associated with serovar Gaminara have been reported and serovar Gaminara were found only in black pepper from Brazil. Here are some examples.

Year	Exporting country	Importing country	Associated source	Product category
2021	Brazil	Germany	Black pepper¹	Herbs and spices
2021	Brazil	Germany	Black pepper²	Herbs and spices
2021	Brazil	Germany	Black pepper³	Herbs and spices

¹ Salmonella Gaminara, Matadi and Poona were found.

²Salmonella Gaminara, Saintpaul, and Javiana were found.

³ Salmonella Gaminara, Minnesota, and Newport were found.

Recalls¶

Year	Location	Recalled food	Type
2020	US	Flax seed produces¹	Nuts, nut products and seeds

¹ FDA found Salmonella Gaminara, Kentucky, and Oranienburg serovars in product samples. Salud Natural Entrepreneur, Inc issued the recall.