S. Goldcoast¶

At a Glance


Antigenic Formula	`6,8:r:l,w`
Serogroup	O:8 (C2-C3)
NCBI Pathogen Detection	View isolates

Background Information¶

Salmonella Goldcoast (antigenic formula: 6,8:r:l,w) is a serovar of the O:8 (C₂-C₃) serogroup. Serovar Goldcoast was isolated for the first time in Ghana in 1953; after the first isolation sporadic cases were identified in Europe. Since 1984-1985, serovar Goldcoast started to be more frequently isolated in Europe. By 2010, serovar Goldcoast was reported as the 6^th most common serovar in cattle in Germany, UK and Spain.

Genetic Characteristics¶

Serovar Goldcoast has been found to be paraphyletic. A non-Goldcoast serovar, S. Benue, clusters within serovar Goldcoast. ST358 and ST2529 are the predominant lineages of serovar Goldcoast. Multidrug-resistant Goldcoast strains are primarily associated with the ST358 lineage in humans and the ST2529 lineage in livestock. The majority of isolates exhibited resistance to ampicillin (58%), ampicillin/sulbactam (53%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (50%). Additionally, a portion of isolates showed resistance to azithromycin (21%), piperacillin/tazobactam (15%), ceftriaxone (12%), aztreonam (12%), ciprofloxacin (14%), levofloxacin (8%), cefepime (10%), and ceftazidime (8%). However, all strains remained susceptible to imipenem. The ST358 lineage of serovar Goldcoast is estimated to have emerged in the United Kingdom in 1969 and subsequently spread to China. Both countries are considered central hubs for the global dissemination of the ST358 lineage. A Taiwanese study revealed that nosocomial outbreak of salmonellosis was caused by extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Salmonella Goldcoast strains carrying the bla_OXA-48 gene. These OXA-48–producing XDR strains remain susceptible to ceftazidime/avibactam. Based on the analysis of virulence factors in pathogenic Goldcoast strains, Yuan et al. identified that the gene encoded by K19231 in JS33 is associated with the upaH gene. This gene regulates the AIDA-I type autotransporter protein, which is a rarely glycosylated protein.

Animal Reservoir¶

Serovar Goldcoast has been isolated from swine and cattle.

Geographical Distribution¶

Serovar Goldcoast appears to be mainly distributed in several European countries but can be found in countries likeTaiwan.

Human/Animal Outbreaks¶

Currently, all reported outbreaks linked to serovar Goldcoast have occurred in Europe. Below are some examples.

Year	Location	Associated source	Number of cases
2018	Netherlands	Pork	At least 19
2013	England	Whelk	38
2009-2010	Italy	Salami	79
2005	Europe: multi-country	Trip to Majorca	148
2001	Germany	Raw fermented sausages	44
1984	England and Wales	French pate	250

Border rejections: There have been no recent border rejections linked to this serovar.

Recalls¶

Year	Location	Recalled food	Type
2018	Europe: multi-country	Netherlands-imported pork¹	Meat and meat products (other than poultry)

¹ This recall was caused by the Dutch outbreak described above. As well as Belgium, 14 other countries including Austria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, Spain and the United Kingdom received pig meat products.